HYPODERMA De Not. Rhytismataceae. 3 Ukrainian species on Hedera, Rubus and other substrata. Hypoderma corni (on twigs of Cornus) and Hypoderma ilicinum (on leaves of Castanea and Quercus), known from other parts of Europe, but not yet from Ukraine, may be worth looking for.

1	on leaves and petioles of Hedera	Hypoderma hederae
	not on this genus	2
2 (1)	ascospores 21-24 mm long	Hypoderma rubi
	ascospores 18-20 mm long	Hypoderma commune

Hypoderma commune (Fr.) Duby Status. Native; 3 records since 24 August 1927; abundance not known. Months. August. Regions. Cherkasy, Luhansk. Habitat. On dead stems of Artemisia nutans, Thalictrum aquilegifolium and Vitis ussuriensis. Notes. The small number of records of this species of Hypoderma indicates how little is known about its exact substratum and ecological preferences; some authors regard it as merely a synonym of Hypoderma rubi, representing small-spored examples of this widespread and common plurivorous species. Worldwide. Widespread but perhaps rather local in Europe on various mostly non-woody dicotyledonous plants; also recorded from North America. References. Minter & Dudka (1996) [Ukrainian records]; Morochovskii, Zerova, Lavitskaya & Smitskaya (1969) [Ukrainian records].

Hypoderma hederae (T. Nees ex Mart.) De Not. [click here for picture] Status. Native; 7 records since 29 May 1993; locally common and sometimes abundant. Months. May, June, September. Regions. Crimea; not observed elsewhere, despite unsuccessful searches in Zakarpatska. Habitat. Hedera helix; fruiting on dead fallen petioles and paler portions of dead fallen leaves usually trapped above the ground among Hedera stems, particularly where the plant grows luxuriantly on old drystone walls away from heavy traffic; also occasionally found where Hedera grows over bare rock, for example on limestone pavements or rocky limestone soils where it can give the impression of causing a disease of the plant; probably always fruiting within 12 months of leaf death. Notes. This species is much more common than Lophodermium hedericola, the only other member of the Rhytismatales recorded on Hedera from Europe (but not yet recorded from Ukraine); it may be distinguished from Lophodermium hedericola with a hand-lens by its larger ascomata, slightly more pointed at each end; microscopically, Lophodermium hedericola has threadlike ascospores. Worldwide. Locally abundant on Hedera helix throughout western and southern Europe. References. Minter & Dudka (1996) [Ukrainian records].

Hypoderma rubi (Pers.) DC. ex Chevall. [click here for picture]. Status. Native; 8 records since 5 September 1926; probably widespread and abundant. Months. June, July, September. Regions. Crimea, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kiev, Ternopil, Zakarpatska, Zhytomyr. Habitat. Aster sp., Potentilla argentea, Rubus fruticosus, Rubus idaeus; fruiting on paler areas of brittle dead attached twigs, fallen petioles and fallen leaves of a range of plants, most frequently Rubus, particularly Rubus fruticosus agg.; always fruiting within 12 months of leaf or petiole death; probably always fruiting within 12 months of twig death. Notes. The commonest member of this genus; recent collecting in Crimea and the Carpathian mountains has shown that this species was hitherto surprisingly under-recorded. Worldwide. Widespread and common in Europe and North America on a wide range of plants, but particularly Rubus spp.; additional records from north Africa, Australasia, central and east Asia and, possibly as an introduction, from South America. References. Minter (1984) [description]; Minter & Dudka (1996) [Ukrainian records]; Morochovskii, Zerova, Lavitskaya & Smitskaya (1969) [Ukrainian records].